निजामती सेवामा सुधारः अनुभूति कहिले पाइने

 

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/

zf;g / k|zf;g M

;dosf] k|jfx;+u} …zf;g ug]{Ú k/Dk/fut e"ldsfjf6 ;/sf/ …;]jf ug]{Ú e"ldsfdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] r/0fdf 5, o;sf nflu /fHosf] 9f+rf, ;/sf/sf] ;f]r tyf sd{rf/LtGqsf] z}nLdf kl/jt{gsf] h?/L 5 . ljutdf ;/sf/sf] cfwf/ …zlQmÚ lyof] eg] of] cfwf/ clxn] kl/jt{g eP/ …;]jfÚ (focuses on legitimacy) ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] s/ p7fpg], zflGt ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ h:tf ljifox?dfq x]g]{ x}g ls ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf] xLtdf -;dflhs Gofo tyf ;'/Iff_ ;d]t sfd ug{ k5{ eg]/ elgG5 . klxn] ;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L ;]jfn] …sfdÚ uYof]{, clxn] …;]jfÚ / …ljsf; lgdf{0fÚ If]qdf lghL If]q;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ k/]sf]n] of] ;]jfsf] …e"ldsfÚ / …x}l;otÚ df kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] …zf;gÚ ug]{ x}g ls …k|zf;gÚ ug{ k5{ eg]/ klxnf elGfGYof], clxn] …Joj:yfkgÚ ug[{ k5{ eGGf] ul/G5 .

 

k|l;4 lj4fg …x]g/L Sn]Ú n] ;/sf/nfO{ 6«i6 / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 6«i6Lsf]] ?kdf;d]t JofVof u/]sf   5g\ . …The role of government is trust and the officials of the government are trustee, both trust and trustees are created for the service and benefit of the people.Ú sd{rf/LtGq eGbf Tof] b]zsf] ;/sf/ /fd|f] x'b}g  eGg] dfGotf ;d]t 5 . (no government is better then the bureaucracy - Stahl). klxnf zf;g ;/sf/n] ug]{ eGg] a'ldmGYof] eg] clxn] …;/sf/JfLgfsf] zf;gÚ eGGf] cjwf/0ff cfO/x]sf] 5 . (James Russow - governance without government). lghfdtL ;]jfdf ul/g] ;'wf/n] oL d'2fx?nfO{  ;Djf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] v08dfdfq ;'wf/ cg'e"ltk"0f{ x'G5 . Pp6f egfO{n] eg] h:t} "If we keep on doing what we are doing, we are going keep on getting what we have got" xfdLn] ljutdf u/]s} ;'wf/ ul//Xof} eg] xfdLn] cg'e"ltjLgfsf] ;'wf/ k|fKt ul/ /xG5f} t;y{ ;'wf/sf gof+ cfofd / tl/sfx? vf]lhg' kg]{ ePsf]   5 .

 

ljutdf s] slt ulNt ul/P jf s] s:tf] k|s[of k'/f ul/P eg]/ eGbf klg s] slt gtLhf jf pknlJWf xfl;n ul/P eg]/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d"Nofs+g ul/g' kg]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?nfO{ k"lt{ KfIf (Supply Side) jf6 x]bf{ ;/sf/n] ug]{ ;]jf k|efjnfO{ dfq ;fj{hlgs If]q eGg ;lsG5 eg] dfu kIf (Demand Side) jf6 x]bf{ ;/sf/L, lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/–;/sf/L If]q nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf k|jfxsf If]qx? ;fj{hlgs If]qdf k5{g . o;df ;'wf/sf s'/f ubf{ ;/sf/L k|zf;gdf dfq ;'wf/ ul/Psf] v08df Tof] ;'wf/ ck"/f] x'G5 . ljutsf ;'wf/x?n] ;/sf/LIf]qdfq  lglb{i6 u/]sf] x'gfn] ;'wf/ k|efjsf/L gePsf] b]lvG5 .

 

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nfu]sf cf/f]kx? M

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf cldtJooL (Less economy) 5 . o;n] lglZrt sfdsf] nflu w]/} ;fwgsf] k|of]u u5{ . b'?kof]u ug{ ;Sg]n] ;fwg ;|f]tsf] kof{Kt b'?kof]u u5{g\ / b'?kof]u ug{ g;Sg]x? eljiodf b'?kof]u ug{ kfOg] cfzfdf j:5g\ . ;/sf/n] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sd tnj lbP/ 7uL /x]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] sd{rf/Lx? klg sd sfd u/]/ hgtf / ;/sf/nfO{ 7uL /x]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf / /fi6«;]jsx?sf] C0ffTds pTkfbsTj (Counter Productive) 5 . logLx?df nufgL ul/Psf] ;fwg / k|fKt pTkfbgsf] cg'kft gsf/fTds 5 . Ps  OsfO{  nufgL ubf{ nufgL / k|ltkmnsf] b/ hf]8]/ pTkfbg k|fKt x'g' k5{ (Investment + Internal rate of return = Production x'g'k5{), hjsL g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf nufgL eGbf klg sd pTkfbg 5 .

 

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfGtl/s tyf JffXo sfd sf/jfxL ck|efjsf/L (Ineffectiveness and Inefficient) 5, o;n] dfq Input df / k|s[ofdf hf]8 u5{ tyf gtLhfdf jf:tf ub}{g . lghfdtL ;]jf …Og/l;of (Inertia)Ú /f]ujf6 kLl8t 5, Go"6gsf] utL ;DjGwL klxnf] lgod cg';f/ jflx/L jn gnfu] ;Dd s'g} j:t' …rn jf crnÚ l:yltdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf …rn jf crnÚ cj:yfd} /xL /xG5, o;nfO{ …Og/l;ofÚ elgG5 . Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.  g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf jflx/L jnsf] k|of]u gu/L clek|]l/t gx'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf sd{rf/Lx? cfkm} ;'wf/ gx'g] cj:yfdf 5g, ;'wf/sf nflu c?n]g} yk jn lbg' kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nfu]sf] csf]{ k|d'v cf/f]k xf] 6]n r]lhª (Tail-chasing) . pTkfbg / gtLhfdf jf:tf gug]{ t/ ;fwg ;|f]t ´g lbof] ´g j9L rflxg] :jefjnfO{ 6]n r]lhª elgG5 . k|fKt ;fwg ;|f]t k|lt sd{rf/Lx?n] slxn] klg lrQ j'dmfpb}g, hlt lbP klg sd{rf/LnfO{ k'Ub}g .

lghfdtL ;]jf ?Gr] :jefj (Weeping nature) sf] klg 5, cfkm}n] ;Sg] vfnsf] sfddf klg c?n] ;xof]u ul/lbG5 ls egL cfz u/]/ j:5 . 6]n r]lhª / ljlkª g]r/ ljrf/ ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ …lkGr]Ú klg eGg ;lsG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nfu]sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ bfu eg]sf] of] u}/ lhDd]jf/k"0f{ (Less responsive) 5 EfGg] g} xf] . u}/ lhDd]jf/L o; cy{df ls of] …hgtf lt/Ú kms]{sf] 5}g, cyf{t of] …xflsd d"vLÚ 5 . hgtflt/ kmls{bf jf gkmls{bf sd{rf/LnfO{ s]xL km/s kb}{g t/ xflsd lt/ kms]{g eg] sd{rf/LnfO{ t'?GTf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . xflsd lt/ kms{g] s|ddf o;n] sfd kG5fpg] (Buck-passing) u5{ . o;n] ;s] sfd yGsfp5, sfd yGsfpg g;s] sfd kG5fp5, sfd kG5fpg g;s] xflsd v';L x'g] u/L sfd u5{ cyf{t (Pleasure principle) df cfwfl/t eP/ sfd u5{ . c?nfO{ cgfjZos v';L kfg]{ k|j[lQjf6 u|l;t 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf …sfddf nhfpg], ;'ljwfdf /dfpg]Ú k|j[lQ 5 . sfd gug{sf nflu cg]s ts{x? l´S5, …cd]l/sfn] O/fsdf jd xflg;Sof] – s] clkm;df j;]/ sfd ug'{Ú eg]/ clkm;sf] sfd gu/L 6fg]{ k|j[lt ;d]t 5 . j'6jn x'nfsdf ;?jf eof] eg] p;nfO{ …pTkft uld{Ú x'G5, p hfg dfGb}g t/ j'6jn eG;f/df ;?jf eof] eg] p;nfO{{ …Po/ slG8zgÚ x'G5 . gLlt lgdf{0f txdf j:g]x?df ;d]t Rent seeking nature 5, tf]lsPsf] sfd ubf{ klg JolQmut kmfObf vf]Hg] :Jfefj 5 . g]tfsf] zf]z{ cfP k5L dfq sfd ug]{ / Tof] g]tfsxf+ rfs/Ldf uOxfNg] :jefj 5 . sd{rf/Lx? g]tfnfO{ b]vfP/ cfk\mgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ klg u5{g (In the name of politicians, They do their own interest) / cfk\mgf] kmfObfnfO{ j9L eGbf j9L Wofg lbG5g .

 

To:t}, x'g] sfddf klg cgfjZos ?kdf dflysf] cfb]z kv{g] (Mis-interpretation of loyalty) / ;]jfuf|fxLx?nfO{ ´'nfpg] rng g} rln;s]sf] 5 . ;]jfuf|xL ;]jf lng uof] eg] To;nfO{ ;]jf lbg'sf] ;f6f] ´g km+;fO{ lbg] (Trapped) / To;jf6 w'Tg] u5{g . k|zf;sx?df cf]7] elQm / lrKnf] 3;fO{ 5 (Leap service and Window dressing) . lolgx? ;j}nfO{ /fd|f] ug{ vf]H5g t/ s;}nfO{ /fd|f] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . k|zf;sx?df …hgtfsf] ;]jsÚ eGGf] cg'e"lt g} 5}g, tNnf sd{rf/L / hgtfn] …gd:t]Ú gu/] ;Dd …xflsdÚ jf]Nb}gg\ . tNnf sd{rf/Ldf klg …:Jf–cg'zf;gÚ 5}g . g]tf ePsf tNnf sd{rf/L xflsd eGbf 7"nf 5g\, g]tf x'g g;s]sf tNnf sd{rf/L x]lkPsf x]lkPs}   5g . k|zf;sx? …cfk\mgf] dfG5]Ú sf] k|jw{gdf nfu]sf 5g\ . pgLx?df Jofks?kdf Nepotism, Favorism / Halo-effect 5 . k|zf;sx? cfk\mgf] k|efj lj:tf/ (Empire Building) df nfu]sf 5g\, k|zf;g leq k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf cfGtl/s ljZjf; lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / j]i6 ldlgi6/Lon df]8]nsf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnL / j]j/Log df]8]nsf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfn] pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ldl>t jgfPsf] 5 . o; sf/0fn] /fhgLlt1 / k|zf;sx?n] Ps csf{nfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f u/]/ pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg] k|j[lQ j9b} uPsf] 5 . k|zf;gn] /fhgLlt1nfO{ bf]ifL b]V5g / /fhgLlt1 k|zf;snfO{ bf]if kG5fp+5g .

lghfdtL ;]jfn] ef]lu/x]sf r'gf}tLx? M

clxn]sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g jf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gn] ljleGg r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{' kl//x]sf] 5 / oL r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{ k/Dk/fut ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;d]t h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . ef]Ug' kl//x]sf r'gf}tLx?NffO{ lgDg ?kdf JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .

 

·  /fHosf] e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g cfof] / o; kl/jlt{t e"ldsf cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ s;/L kl/jt{g ug]{, sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsNksf] cjwf/0ff cfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df cfk\mgf] sfdsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug]{ ljifo / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg u/]/ cfk\mgf] of]Uotf k|dfl0ft ug]{ ljifox? j}rfl/s r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf cuf8L cfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

·  g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ PsfTds 9f+rfdf x's{b} cfPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf tyf ;dfj]zL sd{rf/LtGqsf] cjwf/0ffdf s;/L ;dfof]hg x'g] EfGg] ljifo r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'b} 5 .

·  sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{z}nL / sfo{–k|efjsf/Ltfsf] jf/]df hg–rf;f] j9b} uPsf] kl/k]|Ifdf cfkm"nfO{ hgkIfLo k|dfl0ft ug]{ ljifo, …gLltdf lbO{Psf] ;NnfxÚ / …gLlt sfof{GjogÚ sf jf/]df /fhg}lts JolQmnfO{ dfq lhDd]jf/ gjgfO{ cfkm"n] hjfkmb]xL lng' kg]{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ljifo / of]Uo JolQmx?sf] jfx'No /xbf /xb} klg eO/x]sf] sdhf]/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;'wf/ ug]{ ljifox? Jojxfl/s r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

·  kl/jlt{t e"ldsf cg';f/ cfk\mgf] sfo{z}nL / ;f]rfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ ljifo, hgtfsf] dg lhTg] / u'0ffTds ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ljifo / sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ ljifox? dfgJfLo tyf Jojxf/ut r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf cuf8L cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

·  sfo{z}nL kl/jt{g u/L ldtJooL / bIf jgfpg] ljifo / ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] pTkfbsTj j9g] lx;fjn] cTolws pkof]u ug]{ ljifox? pTkfbstTj tyf ldtJolotf ;DjGwL r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf cuf8L cfO/x]sf] 5 .

·  lghLIf]q ;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ ljifo, /fhg}lts zlQmx?sf] ljZjf; lhTg] ljifo / ;dfj]zL / of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfg?kdf cuf8L j9fO{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ hgkIfLo jgfpg] ljifox? Jftfj/0fLo r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf cuf8L cfO/x]sf] 5 .

·  lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5jL ;fx|} lju|]/ uof], grflxbf cf/f]kx? Klg nfu] . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf hgtfdf sd{rf/Lsf] 5jL /fd|f] kfg]{ ljifo, lghL If]qdfq k|lt:klw{ x'b}gg\, lghfdtL ;]jfn] klg df}sf lbPsf] v08df lghL If]q hlQsf] k|lt:klw{ tyf ldtJooL eO{ sfd ug{ ;S5 eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ ljifo, ;]jf k|efjdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod /fVg] ljifo / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] k|lt:kwf{df v/f] pqg] ljifo ;d]t r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 .

 

;'wf/sf wf/x? M

;'wf/ ug{ eGbf klxnf ;'wf/sf] s:tf] df]8]n jf s:tf] wf/ (approach) ckgfpg] eGg] ljifodf :ki6 x'g h?/L 5, ;'wf/sf wf/x? jf df]8]nx? y]/} 5g . ;}4flGts wf/ (theoretical Approach) n] ;+u7g, 9f+rfdf ul/g] ;'wf/ (structural), ;+u7g lgdf{0f gul/sg} lgoldt ul/g] ;'wf/ (unstructured), ;d:of pJh]sf] kIfdf ul/g] ;'wf/ (administrative health) / k|zf;g k'/} l;lyn eP k5L ul/g] ;'wf/ (ubiquitous) h:tf ljifxx?df hf]8 lbG5 .

gLltut wf/ (policy approach) n] ;ls|o eP/ cuf8L g} ;'wf/ ug]{ (Proactive), dfu+ cg';f/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] (Reactive)], ;Gbe{ cg';f/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] (Survival) / 3f]if0ff cg';f/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] (Formalism) elg :ki6 kfb}{ hfG5 . To:t} /0fg}lts wf/ (Strategic Approach) cg';f/ hj/h:tL ;'wf/ ug]{ (Coercive), dgfP/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] (Persuasive), ;xeflutf j9fP/ ub}{ hfg] (Normative) / ;ddmbf/L tyf ;f}bfjfhL u/]/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] (Utilization) h:tf ljifox? ;d]65 .

To:t} d"Nodf cfwfl/t wf/ (Value-base Approach) n] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] (Value neutral) / ;dfhsf] rfxgf cg';f/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] (Value normative) elg eG5 eg] s|flGtsf/L wf/ (Radical Approach) n] ;'wf/sf] nflu 7"n} x:tIf]k, kl/jt{g klg ub}{ hfg] (Intervene) df hf]8 lbG5 . oL wf/x? dWo] s'g wf/df hfg] e]g]/ :ki6 eP/ ;'wf/sf] cleofg cuf8L j9fPsf] v08df ;'wf/ cg'e"ltk"0f{ x'G5 .

;'wf/sf s'/fx? M

k"lt{ kIfjf6 x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L k|zf;gnfO{ dfq …;fj{hlgs k|zf;gÚ eGg] ul/Ptf  klg df+u KfIfjf6 x]bf{ hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/df cfpg] ;Dk"0f{ k|zf;gnfO{ g} …;fj{hlgs k|zf;gÚ eGg ;lsG5 . lghL If]q / ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] pb]Zo tyf ;f]+Rfdf ;dfgtf cfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df lghL If]qsf u'0fx? ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf ljsf; eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;;f/sf c? ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ nfu]sf] h:tf] ljleGg cf/f]kx? nfu]s} 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf clxn] w]/} ;'wf/sf k|of;x? eP t/ xfn ;Dd ul/Psf] ;'wf/ k|of;x? ;kmn x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . lsg ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ / cj s] ug{ knf{ Efg]/ ljrf/ tyf dGyg x'g h?/L t 5 g}, t/ o; eGbf klxnf dgf]j[ltdf ;'wf/ x'g  h?/L 5 .

clxn] ;Ddsf] ;'wf/df /fhgLlt1x?sf] :ki6 k|ltj4tf gx'g' (leap service of politicians), sd{rf/Lx? cfkm} ;'wf/ gx'g' (no response from bureaucrats) / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] s/fpg] :jefj dfq x'g' (barking nature of stakeholders) n] ;'wf/nfO{ c;kmn jgfPsf] xf] elg k|f/lDes ?kdf v'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . sfO{8]gn] eg]sf] h:tf] ;'wf/nfO{ gljg k|j4{gsf]  ?kdf ;d]t lnOPg .  Caiden n] eg]sf 5g …Administrative reform is an induced, deliberate, gradual and innovating improvement in administration.Ú o; jfx]s ;'wf/ k|of; ;kmn gx'g'df sfd ug]{ ;+:s[lt (Job Culture) sf] ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf], sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ gLlt k|lt k|ltj4 / g]tf k|lt t6:y kfg{ g;lsPsf] / hgtfsf] ljZjf; k|fKt ug{ g;lsPsf]nfO{ k|d'v ?kdf dfGg kg]{   x'G5 .

 

@)$* ;fnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] lbPsf] ;'dmfj cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] ^ j6f sfo{If]qx? gLlt lgdf{0f, cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf, ;'/Iff, lghL If]qnfO{ pTk|]/0ff, u'0f:t/ / lgoldttfsf] lgodg / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg x'g k5{ tyf sd{rf/LtGqdf ul/g] ;'wf/n] oL 5 kIfx? ;Djf]wg x'g kg]{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/sf] ;'wf/sf] dfu{lrq (Road Map) ;d]tn] lbPsf] dfu{lrqdf ;'wf/sfnflu cfGtl/s Ifdtfsf] j[l4, ahf/sf u'0fx? ld;fO{ bIftfdf j[l4, kf/blz{tf u/L ;'zf;gdf j[l4, ;sf/fTds lje]b u/L pTk|]/0ffdf j[l4 / of]Uotf k|0ffnL4f/f sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf j'l4 ug{ kg]{ kIfx?df  hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;'wf/sf k|of;x? w]/} eP t/ jf:tljs ;'wf/ ePg . ;]jfu|fxLn] rfx]sf] ;'wf/, ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;'wf/, hgtfn] df+u]sf] ;'wf/ / bftfn] lbPsf] ;'wf/df ljutdf tfnd]n gldn]sf] sf/0fn] clxn]sf] ;d:of cfPsf] xf] .

;'wf/ x'g' kg]{ kIfx? M

;fdfGotM ;'wf/sf nflu b'O{ kIf k|j]z ljGb' dflgG5 – klxnf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ lglZrt dfg]/ ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ reforming the structure (blend of policy, institution and resources) / bf];|f] ;+/rgfnfO{ lglZrt dfg]/ ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ reforming the culture (collective mind set of administrative and political personnel) . g]kfndf ;+:s[ltnfO{ lglZrt dfg]/ ;+/rgfx?df ;'wf/ ul/P, h'g ;j{yf ljkmn eof] . ;'wf/ x'g kg]{ k|yd kIf eg]s} ;+:s[lt (collective mind set) df ;'wf/ x'g k5{ . ;'wf/sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] – hjfkmb]xLtf . dGqLn] ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL (public accountability) / ;lrjn] sfo{sf/L hjfkmb]xL (executative accountability) lng] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf x'g k5{ . kf/blz{tfsf] xsdf g]kfndf s]xL xb ;Dd ;'wf/sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

cjsf] ;'wf/df k/Dk/fut 3'dfp/f] pQ/bfloTjsf] ;+oGqjf6 ;f]dmf] pQ/bfloTjdf k|0ffnLnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ k5{ . pkef]QmfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' jgfO{ backward / forward mapping sf] dfWodjf6 ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/L pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6nfO{ clGtd nIf dfGg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; x'g k5{ . o;sf nflu 5l/tf] ;/sf/ (lean government) sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . 5l/tf] jgfpg] gfddf hyfefjL b/jGbLx? sf6]/ clxn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;d:of u|:t jgfOPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sf7df08f}+sf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cfh eGbf !% jif{ cuf8Lsf] sf7df08f}+sf] hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf]  ;+VofnfO{ ;do / hg;+Vof cg';f/ j9fpb} hfg' kg]{df 5l/tf] ;/sf/sf] gfddf b/jGbL sf6]/ ;f/f sf7df08f}+sf]  hgtfnfO{ b'Mv lbg] sfd ePsf] 5 . crDDfsf] s'/f t of] b'Mvsf nflu sf]xL klg lhDdf lng ;Dd klg tof/ 5}gg\ .

;'wf/ ug}{ kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ tTj eg]sf] 5lj ;'wf/ xf] . lghfdtL ;]jssf] 5jL ;fx|} lju|]/ uPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx? …gfnfos kgfÚ sf] k|lt:j?k ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] sd tnj lbP/ sd{rf/LnfO{ 7u]sf] 5 eg] sd{rf/Ln] klg sd sfd u/]/ ;/sf/ tyf hgtfnfO{ 7u]sf 5g\ . of] …7u–7uÚ sf] v]ndf sd{rf/Lsf] 5jL lju|]sf] 5 . 5jL ;'wf/sf nflu 7"nf] d]xgt ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu kof{Kt tyf vfgk'Ug] tnj rflxG5 .

o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] jhf/Ls/0f (service marketing) ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . sfof{nox?df sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;d]6L u'0ffTds j[Q (quality circle) / think-tank cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/L sfd ug]{ ;+:s[lt (work culture) sf] ljsf; ug{ k5{ . TQM cjwf/0ff cg';f/ u|fxssf] ;Gt'li6, ;]jfsf] nfut, ;do, ;Dks{ /fVg' kg]{ :yfg lglZrt u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ cfZj:t jgfO{ k|zf;snfO{ ljsf; / ;'wf/sf] ;+jfxs (change agent) sf] ?kdf cuf8L j9fpg kg]{ eO;s]sf]   5 . sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ j}wflgstf (legality) sf] lx;fjn] geO j}wtf (legitimacy) sf] lx;fjn] ;+rfng ug]{ / k|zf;gnfO{ c;n geO ;Ifd jgfpg] cleofgsf] ;'?jft ug{ k5{ .

;'wf/ ug}{ kg]{ ljifosf] ?kdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu Administrative Ombusdman nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfOg' kg]{, Joj:yfkg jf+8kmf+8 (Management Sharing) tyf Portfolio Management nfu" ug{ kg]{, Single Loop Training jf6 Double Loop Training sf] Joj:yf ug{ kg]{ tyf ;"rgfsf] jhf/Ls/0f (Information Marketing), ;"rgfsf] ;+hfn (Information Marketing) / ;"rgfsf] clwsef/ (Information Overload) sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

o;sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfof]u jgfP/ big push sf] 9f+rfdf eGbf klg lg/Gt/ k|ultsf] ?kdf ug{ k5{ . ;'wf/sf] cg'e"lt hgtfdf u/fpg l;x+b/jf/df ;'wf/ eP/ x'b}g, o;sf nflu ;]jf s]Gb|x?df ;'wf/ x'g k5{ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf u'0fTdstf x'g k5{ . o;sf nflu Work Directory tof/ kf/L sfo{ ;/lns/0f ug{ kg]{, Joj:yfkg / ;]jf s/f/ (Management and Service Contract) k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ kg]{, ;]jf jflx/jf6 lng] (Outsourcing) sfo{ z'? ug{ kg]{, cb[Zo ;+u7g (Virtual Organization), Satelite Office / Tele-working sf] ljsf; ug{ kg]{ tyf clxn]sf] Post-positivism sf] o'udf ;]jfx?nfO{ prioritize / posteriortize u/]/ ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] k|0ffNfLdf tTsfn ;'wf/ x'g k5{ .

o; jfx]s gLlt tyf sfg"gL ;+/rgf tyf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ x'g h?/L 5 . lglZrt ;do kl5 gLlt jf sfg"gnfO{ k'gMcg'df]bg ug{ kg]{ / ;f] geP vf/]h ePsf] dflgg] (Sunset Law) Joj:yf ug{ kg]{, gLltsf] :jtGq d"Nofs+g x'g] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g kg]{, gLltsf] nfut (Cost of Policy) lgsfNg] / t''ngf ug]{ Joj:yf x'g kg]{, Ifdtf eGbf bIftfnfO{ dxTj lbg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g kg]{ / g]tfn] geO gLltn] x:tIf]k ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L k|zf;gnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/ (Permanent Executive) df lglZrt tyf cfZj:t ug]{ /fhg}lts Pj+ k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tf x'g kg]{ x'G5 .

ljZjdf ePsf ;'wf/sf gd"gfx? M

;'wf/ w]/} b]zdf ePsf 5g, ;'wf/sf]  ljsNk eg]s} j9L ;'wf/ xf] . o; s|ddf ljZjsf] kl/b[Zo x]bf{ ljleGg b]zdf ;'wf/sf ljleGg tl/sfx? b]lvG5g\ . j]nfotdf Next Step Agency / Citizen Charter sf] k|of]un] pNNf]Vo ;kmntf kfof] . Go"lhNof08sf] Agencyfication / Contract Management n] ;+;f/nfO{ g} pbfx/0f lbg ;kmn eof] . k|mfG;sf] Accountability Centre / 8]gdfs{sf] Government Mart, One-stop Service n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xh jgfof] . blIf0f clk|msfsf] Batho-Pele, People First Program n] hgtfnfO{ gLlt lg0f{odf k|ToIf ;xeflutf j9fof] . j]lNhodsf] Street Bureaucracy n] hgtfsf] 3/–b}nf]df uP/ ;]jf lbP/ hgtfsf] ljZjf; lhTg] sfddf ;kmntf xfl;n u¥of] . l;+ufk'/sf] Voucher Method / hfkfgsf] Peer's Rating tyf Kaizen Principle n] ;+;f/nfO{ g} dfu{ bz{g u/]sf] 5 . Sofg8fsf] Subordinate Rating, dn]lzofsf] Vision 20-20 / :JfL8]gsf] ;]jf lbP k5L c+s j9g] Incentive Scheme tyf ef/tsf] nf]s–cbfntn] ufp+ ufp+df uP/ Gofo lbP h:tf] u/]/ ;+;f/ e/s} sd{rf/LtGqx?n] hgtfsf] ljZjf; lhTg cg]s pkfox? ul//fv]sf 5g .

oL ;j} cjwf/0ffx?df ;]jfsf] jl/kl/ hgtf 3'Dg] x}g ls ;]jf hgtfsf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg' k5{ / …sfd sfdbf/;+u /fv / sfdbf/ cfkm";+u /fvÚ eGg] cjwf/0ffn] sfd ul//fv]sf] cj:yf 5 . oL ;'wf/sf tl/sfx?jf6 xfdLn] xfd|f] ;'wf/df ;d]t l;Sg' k/]sf] 5 . sfO{h]gn] cfk\mgf] lstfj By By to Reform df eg]sf h:t} – ;'wf/sf df]8]nx? k'/fgf eP, df]8]nx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ ul/g] ;'wf/x? c;kmn k|dfl0ft eO;s], cj ;fgf ;fgf s'/fx? kl/jt{g ub]{ cfk\mgf] ;'wf/ cfkm} u/L cuf8L j9g] ;do cfPsf] 5 . lzj v]/f ;d]tn] cfk\mgf] You Can Win lstfjdf Manager does not do different thing but they do things differently eg]sf 5g . ;'wf/nfO{ xfdLn] xfd|} tl/sfn] ;f]Rg] a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;'wf/ ;j}n] ul//x]s} 5g t/ ;'wf/ eGg] ljlQs} hgtfn] cg'e"lt x'g]u/L ug{ k5{ .

cGTodf,

/fhg}lts If]qdf k|hftfGqLs/0f, cfly{s If]qdf pbf/Ls/0f tyf lghLs/0f, k|;f;lgs If]qdf gof+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg / ;dflhs If]qdf hgtfsf] r]tgfsf] :t/df j[l4 h:tf s'/fx?n] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf / sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L ;]jfn] klg cfkm"nfO{ ToxL cg'?k 9fNg' k/]sf] 5 . o;}s|ddf, ;+;f/e/L g} sd{rf/LtGqdf w]/} ljs[ltx? cfPsf] dxz''z eof] / clxn] cfP/ o;sf] ljsNkx? vf]Hg yflnPsf] 5 . klxn] sd{rf/L tGq (Bureacracy) sf] cfwf/ zlQm (Power) lyof] eg] clxn] of] cjwf/0fdf Paradigm Shift eO{ o;sf] cfwf/ ;]jf (Service) ePsf] s|ddf g]kfndf ;d]t ;'wf/n] hf]8 kls|Psf] xf] .

g]kfndf /fhgLlt1x?n] k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ …km]zgÚ sf] ?kdf lnP . /fhg}lts If]qdf /fhgLlt1x? ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sg], ;dflhs tyf cfly{s If]qdf ;'wf/sf] k|ltkmn l9nf k|fKt x'g] sf/0fn] ljutdf hgtfnfO{ b]vfpgs} nflu eP klg k|zf;g If]qdf ;'wf/ ul/Psf] r6s ul/of] / of] cdm} klg e}/x]sf] 5 . jLgf cfwf/ xr'jfsf] e/df lglb{i6 pb]Zo /fv]/ ul/g] lghfdtL ;]jf ;DjGwL P]g sfg"gdf ul/g] ;'wf/ tyf k|efj cWoog gu/L ul/g] sd{rf/L ;+Vof s6f}tL o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fx? x'g . o:tf] cfwf/xLg tyf jblgotk"0f{ ;'wf/n] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf lbg k|ltlbg ?U0f / d/0ffzGg cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf nflu jt{dfgk/s b[li6sf]0f eGbf klg eljiok/s b[li6sf]0f lng kg]{ x'G5 . k|zf;gdf eljiosf ck|Toflzt rgf}ltx? ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ k5{ . k|zf;sx?n] eljiosf] cg'dfg xf]Og, eljio lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg x'g k5{ cyf{t eljiosf] k|ltIff xf]Og, eljiosf 36gfx? ;+u ;DjGw :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . s] x'g ;S5 eg]/ x}g ls s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;f]Rg k5{ . ;'wf/sf nflu ljutdf k|zf;gsf] Hard side of management -;+/rgf, gLlt / ;+u7g_ df ;'wf/ vf]lhof] / Soft side of management pk]lIft /Xof] . ;'wf/x? Peace meal basis df ul/of], h'g ;j{yf lgisfd ;fljt eof] . ljutsf] ;'wf/df k|zf;s / /fhgLlt1sf] :jfy{ Ps cfk;df uflh+Psf] (Interest Nexus) x'gfn] lolgx?n] cfkm\–cfk\mgf] :jfy{ ;f6f;f6 u/] (Exchange Culture) / ;'wf/ c;kmn ePsf] xf] . cfufdL lbgdf yk j'l4dtfsf] h?/L 5 .